95. Enter task durations. Calendar Offsets: In some software, the calendar of a Finish Milestone is effectively imposed on the Late Finish of its predecessors. Lag Float. In this case, the answer would be “free float and. . Cite this lesson. This paper presents the concept of GPM forensic total float and its role in retrospective schedule analysis, whether in updating or forensic analysis. Based on project management in terms of time, discretionary dependency is sometimes referred to as preferred logic, preferential logic or soft logic. Network Diagrams 3. Step 1: Obtain the project data. Project management float also works for small-to-medium businesses (SMBs) and industries like construction or just about anything else. Many PMP ® exam aspirants consider total float and free float the same. constraint-generated total float would actually make the path longer, with total float being part of the shortest possible duration for the overall project. Professional trainer/coach for both traditional and Agile project management methodologies. In this case, the critical path is the creation of the press release:Float project management helps you identify individual tasks and project “slack” — that’s how much time and leeway your task has – and helps you use this to determine whether a project schedule is viable and identify which tasks are on a “critical path”. 项目管理（project management）中有一个非常实用的英文术语叫total float，它在项目的进度计划和管理中常常会被用到，不仅如此，在与项目管理有关的认证考试中（比如：PMP项目管理专家等），total float也是一个重要考点。然而不少的小伙伴对于total float的具体含义和计算方法并不是很了解，本文中，睿. The Total Float values are a just the product of the forward and backward pass through the CPM schedule network. 14 - 12 = 2. . This video explains Negative Float which appears in a schedule when the early dates of an activity are later than the late dates. Critical path method (CPM): The critical path method is a step-by-step project management technique for process planning that identifies critical and noncritical tasks, preventing timeframe problems and process bottlenecks. Free Float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the successor activity. For example, if a task is scheduled to take 5 days to complete and it. Float : LS – ES = 17-7 = 10. Let’s look at the four top benefits of introducing float to your project management. Welcome to DAU's Schedule Health Analysis Tool, which features the free, downloadable DCMA 14-Point Assessment macro for MS Project. Float is a tactic that can be used alongside your existing project management strategies. Total Float: Amount of time an activity can be delayed without effecting the Project Completion date. If a task has float, you can spend more time on it than is allotted, without disrupting the rest of the project schedule. Solutions Available. In preparatory to aforementioned PMP certification exam, it's important to understand the use, connection, and differences of free float vs. Total Float vs Free Float is one of the most important concepts in PMP Certification training. Formula for Slack Time. It is perfectly fine to use either term in project management. In. Free float, on the other hand,. -- 2nd ed. We have written a post that explains how to elaborate the project network diagram step by step. While reading the Head First PMP book, I came to understand that a network diagram has two different types of floats. – Float depicts the flexibility in a Network Path. - Total Float và Free Float của một hoạt động có thể giống hoặc khác nhau, tùy thuộc vào những hoạt động khác trên sơ đồ tiến độ. v) Roof framing – 6 days. Project Float. Project Management Institute (PMI) offers PMP certification which is a globally recognized accreditation. Kelly developed this technique in the late 1950s. 10-year professional project management & consultancy in the industries of banking, finance and IT. 1. 4’04—dc23 2011020603 Published by: Project Management Institute, Inc. Project Float. + 3 σ. Create regular project update reports. , start on Day 19), but it won’t affect the end date of the project. Total float is more commonly referenced than free float by project managers. Let's take an example to understand this. For more of our Project Management videos in themed collections, join our Free Academy of Project Management. Optimistic (O), Pessimistic (P), and Most Likely (M). Project management aims to quickly finish. The Total Float and Free Float have a difference of 5 days. The ES of an activity is 2 days, and the duration of the activity is 5 days. That’s done by using project management tools such as project network diagrams. Interfering float is that part of the total float which causes a reduction in the float of the successor activities. " But let's move on to a more concrete meaning. In this article, we will be discussing total float vs free float. Critical Path: The continuous string (s) of critical activities in the schedule between the Start and Finish of the project. This article examines one of the many kinds of information that such analysis generates--float, more specifically, free float (FF) and total float (TF). PMP Exam Tips Project Time Management: Free Float vs Total Float for PMP Exam by Edward Chung, PMP, PMI-ACP, ITIL Foundation · January 8, 2020 In. (2) Resource Leveling, called Resource Leveling, is a technique that avoids over-allocation. However, that float is shared between them. 14. Upon completion please enter your information in the fields below to access the results and. 20-year+ experience in IT service management and operation. On a critical path, the total float is zero. The total float is the amount of money between the project’s cost and the amount of money the project has. Total float is the amount of time a task or a project can be delayed without impacting the overall project completion time. 16. Free Float : The amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following schedule activities. Discretionary dependencies should be fully documented since they can create arbitrary total float values and can limit later scheduling options. 7. Total float [FLOAT]: an activity can be delayed or extended from its early start date without delaying the project finish date or violating a schedule constraint. PMP® Mock Examination – Wishing You Success !!!. But that diagram does not show the. Critical Path Analysis is a systematic approach used to find the Critical Path in the Schedule Network Diagram. Project Victor is a registered mark of Project Victor Co. Positive Float. Total Float: The total amount of time that a schedule activity may be delayed from its early start date without delaying the project finish date, or violating a schedule constraint. Walker and James E. Here’s a breakdown of the two types of float: Total float: This is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed from the early start date without delaying the project finish date or violating a schedule constraint. Total float - The length of time an activity can be delayed from its early start date without affecting the project end date. EAC = AC + ETC. Free Float. The LBNL EVMS complies with the criteria for project cost and sched-ule control as required by DOE Order 413. This. In otherFor that reason, total float, activity sequences and logic of the network diagram effect the required resource quantities per time. Free Float: Free float, also known as "slack," is the amount of. Total float (TF) shows the project completion date and gives the team members flexibility to help them follow the schedule. and the project completion date. Place standalone items around. Similarly, for activity H the total float is 12 weeks; you could delay activity H by 12 weeks without pushing the end date of the project. So, to stay on the critical path, ensure no activity has a free float value larger than the total float. Total Float of an activity = Late Finish of an activity – Early Finish of an activity. For example, if a task is scheduled to take 5 days to complete and it. This paper presents the concept of GPM forensic total float and its role in retrospective schedule analysis, whether in updating or forensic analysis. The different Types of float are Free Float, Total Float, Project Float, Interfering Float, Independent Float. free float. Here LS = 7 and ES =1, therefore total float of Node A = 7 – 1 = 6. C. Just because the Total Float value is zero does not make the activity critical. I got introduced to Critical Path Analysis in the year 1997. Below you will find 50 PMP exam questions to help prepare you for the PMP exam. The latest finish marks a boundary that cannot be surpassed without delaying the entire project. For Critical Path ES = LS and EF = LF; For Critical Path Total Float = 0; Total / Free Float PMP Formulas. Using the Primavera P6 Filter dialog you can create a Near Critical filter using the “is within range of” option in the ‘Is’ column alongside the Total Float parameter. In the Schedule Options window, you can adjust how Total Float is calculated. Resource leveling is a project management technique that involves resolving overallocation or scheduling conflicts to ensure a project can be completed with the available resources. Total Float (TF) :LS – ES , LF – EF. free float. Basic to CPM is for the planner to draw a project network first, and then to use CPM software to calculate activity dates and total floats, establish theCalendars and Total Float Values. Project management formulas can be challenging to learn. Float is a key piece of the critical path method (CPM), a system used by project managers to efficiently schedule project activities. lead time is the amount of time whereby a successor activity can be advanced with respect to a predecessor. Total Float = NETWORKDAYS( EF, LF ) - 1. Explanation: Free Float is three days and Total Float is six days. A Project Management Professional (PMP) ® Exam Prep CarrierResource smoothing is a technique used in project management to optimize resource allocation without extending project duration. If a task’s total. 7 D A C F B E 9 10 4 6 14 11 9 13 G H For E Total Float: Critical path duration – Longest path of E = 38 – 19 = 19 wks Free Float: 16,17,18,19 = 4 wks Project Management Professionals Hot Topics & Challenges - Time Management No one likes to do it, but often it’s necessary and worth it in the end. 2- The contractor owns the total float: In that case, the contractor delays which are relevant to activities with total float are not counted as delays until all the total floats are burned (Although the variance between planned % and Actual % will be impacted). Free float and total float - PMP/CAPM from PMI. By definition, a float is a difference between the length of the critical path and the non-critical path. CV = EV – AC. This article examines one of the many kinds of information that such analysis generates--float, more specifically, free float (FF) and total float (TF). Total float is the amount of delay that an activity faces without delaying the project completion date. It adjusts the activities of a schedule after resource leveling to. PMP Bootcamp , Sohel Akhter (PMP, ISMS, CCNA) - [email protected] are two types of float in project management: free float and total float. 158048846-24858698-Project-Management-Professional-Exam-PMP. Resources include the time, materials, or tools needed to complete a project. 4 – Using Level of Effort in a progressed schedule + Compute float settings using the Late start – Early start. You use both of them while analyzing the project. You can calculate it by subtracting the Early Start date of the activity from its Late Start Date. First things first… on the PMP Exam, Float is also written as Slack. Let’s take the project of exam study and preparation as an. While reading the Head First PMP book, I came to. By project management, float is the number of days you can postpone a task none trigger problems with the following missions or the total completion date of the project. See the below example, for the same activities but with a negative float. It is clear from this explanation that this type of float is providing the cushion to the overall project timelines. You've used a computer to generate a schedule, but have you ever wondered what the terms Early Start, Late Finish, Total Float, or Critical Path really mean? This paper offers. Note that the activity can have a total float value greater or equal to its free float time. Free float: The amount of time a task can be postponed without influencing the one after it. What is lead time in project management? Based on PMBOK® Guide Sixth Edition. Project management office - An organizational unit that oversees project management-related activities within an organization. The total Float value for the activities assigned to a weather calendar would also be different. Total float vs. See the below example, for the same activities but with a negative float. For example the total float for Task A = LS - ES = 4 - 1 = 3 days. The critical path method is a lengthy and complex concept. Project managers often use float time to schedule the certain time frames for the tasks to be accomplished on time. They are also called logical network diagrams. resource-constrained scheduling total float total float) forward pass early finish date) holidays duration unit duration critical path method critical path method. It signifies the amount of time a particular task within the project can be postponed or delayed without causing any delays to the overall project completion date. Commit additional resources to work on the zero float tasks that will move the project finish date forward. According to A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (Project Management Institute, 2017), the critical path is “the sequence of activities that represents the longest path through a project, which determines the shortest possible project duration. Critical Path Analysis Example – Using 0 and 1 Method. Identify the latest day you can complete each project task if you want to stay on track to meet predefined. 3% of the data points fall within 1 SD. . P75P653 2011 658. Enter highest EF in last box. Float management helps you identify “float” or “slack” time within your project’s schedules, helps you work around delays, and streamlines your projects. Determining the critical path requires five steps: Draw the Network Diagram. In project management, resource smoothing is defined by A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge ( PMBOK Guide) as a "resource optimization technique in which free and total float are used without affecting the critical path " of a project. If an activity is on the CP, its total float must be zero. Bài viết "MỌI KIẾN THỨC VỀ PMP®" bao gồm DANH SÁCH CÁC TỪ KHÓA/THUẬT NGỮ QUẢN LÝ DỰ ÁN QUAN TRỌNG mà tác giả tổng hợp được dựa trên:- Kinh nghiệm tác giả đã thi đậu (thi đỗ) ngay lần thi đầu tiên các chứng chỉ quốc tế PMP® (2012), PMI-RMP® (2013), PMI-SP® (2013), PgMP® (2018), PfMP® (2018), PMO-CP® (2018), PMI. Total float is calculated by subtracting the early start date of a task from its late start date. Answer. The result is same while being calculated with MS Project (refer Figure - 1). PMP Certification Practice Test 7. " But let's move on to a more concrete meaning. Free Float: The amount that a task can move without affecting other tasks. Leads, lags and float are concepts used in schedule development process. Navigation. Lag is neither equivalent to Total Float nor to Free Float. Choose Tools, Schedule. Late Start (LS) = LF – Activity Duration (D) + 1; Total / Free Float. Constraints affect an activity’s Total Float value. Step – 2: Determine Project Completion time. It refers to the total. Constraints. I never thought such total float and free float were different theories before my PMP exam setup. i-e, Activities without a successor or predecessor. The forward pass helps you understand the project duration and calculate the early start and early finish values (meaning, the earliest day each project task can begin and wrap up). Megan Bell. The term total slack, or total float, on the other hand, describes the length of time it can be delayed, beyond it's early start. Date 05/07/2022. Note some informal resources may use the terms: VAC formula PMP, VAC PMP, or Variance at Completion PMP. 1. There are 2 types of float: free and total. PMP EXAM CRAM CasaBlanca Publishing Corp | David Geoffrey Litten 2012 48 Bottom-up estimating. Independent float. I. Here's a post explaining the difference between the two, with an example: Total Float vs Free Float. 95. It is the total amount of time any task can be delayed without impacting the delivery date of the project. : 508 : 183 If a project network chart/diagram has 4 non-critical paths then that project would have 4 total float. It is the total amount of time any task can be delayed without impacting the delivery date of the project. Total Float. The DCMA has set the total number of activities with float values at 44 days. The total Float value for the activities assigned to a weather calendar would also be different. e. Required fields are marked. In order for TF to be zero (as it must be) LS and ES must be equal. No Actuals. As defined in project management literature: Total Float is the amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed or extended from its start date (early) without delaying the project finish date. 5% = 47. The process of schedule development includes: identification of all activities, sequencing all activities based on dependency, estimating duration of each activity and finalizing the schedule. It can be calculated by subtracting the activity’s Early Start date from the Late Start date. Pierian Training Project Management Academy Sextet Sigma Online United Teaching Velopi. ADENINE Project Management Master (PMP) ® Exam Prep ProviderHow to Calculate Total Float / Slack / Free Float and Determine Critical Path in activity Sequencing?Subscribe to Youtube Channel Link :- float is measured as the difference between the early and late start dates (LS - ES) or the early and late finish dates (LF – EF). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (5th ed. The critical path has zero or negative Total Float. To know more View Resources. 2. Which of these activity relationships is least commonly used in Precedence Diagramming Method. Here are some tips to help you make the most of it: Create a detailed project schedule: This includes mapping out all tasks, dependencies, and deadlines. Independent float. To make the most of the float, it’s. A Project Supervision Professional (PMP) ® Exam Prep PurveyorTo avoid such errors, there are several check-ups you can perform. Some articles were written many years ago, but are still relevant. In this case total float of activity E and F are 8. Free float refers to the amount of time that a task can be delayed without having an impact on the deadline of the next task. There are two types of float: Total Float: The amount that a task can move without affecting the final project completion date. e. If the duration of activity E is changed to 9 days, how will it impact the critical path?pick two (pick any two): Pick two, sometimes expressed as pick any two, is the principle that in many sets of three desirable qualities, those qualities will be somewhat mutually exclusive. 5- After you move them to the right by double-clicking them, you can move them up or down to change the arrangement of the. Fast-Tracking. Project Management • ลักษณะของโครงการ คือ งานที่มีจุดเริ่มต้นและจุดสิ้นสุด ซึ่งมักพบ. Total Float = LF – EF. Take the Task B, for it total float = LS - ES = 6 - 3 = 3 days. The original duration of B is 20, so the drag of B is therefore 15. There are 4 types of dependencies in project management viz. Total float is how long an activity can be delayed, without delaying the project completion date. Activities A, B, C, and D are on the project critical path. Assemble and add construction site. This is essential reading for the PMP exam. Resource smoothing. PMI-ACP, PMBOK and the PMI Registered Education Provider logo are registered marks of the Project Management Institute, Inc. Can move around on the schedule as long as its not delayed past latest finish. Free float is the timeframe during which a task can be moved without affecting other tasks. Solution. Project Float which is the amount that you can delay a project without delaying the next project. Benefits of Float in Project Management. Total Float, Lead time and Lag time. To remove negative float from summary activities, you’ll need to adjust the P6 Schedule Options. The video starts with 3 termsTotal Float, Free Float, and Negative Float. They mean the same thing. If an activity is on critical path, float (slack) of that activity will be zero. What is the total float for this activity? 6 days; 3 days; 1 day; 5 days; ValidateBy Praveen Malik, PMP July 22, 2023. When a project schedule has multiple activity calendars in use, the Total Float values for a string of activities on the same driven network path may be different. Free Float The amount of duration in which the scheduled activity can be deferred without postponing the subsequent scheduled activities. Let’s consider that a project activity is not on the PMP critical path. Regardless of the inclusion of “PMP” in the name, the concept of variance at completion is the same and in fact, is one of twelve earned value metrics. A project schedule network diagram is used for pictorial representation of logical relationships among the project activities. To use this online calculator for Total Float, enter Late Finish Time (LFT), Early Start Time (EST) & Activity Time (tactivity) and hit the calculate button. Informal called “total float PMP,” and calculation for the overall path duration befalls when within a network diagram there are multiple paths to getting. Critical Path Method Schedule Analysis Total Float Calculation. In preparing for the PMP documentation exam, it's essential to understands the use, connection, press differences of free float vs. Forward and backward pass calculation is used to determine the critical path and total float. Total Float = LF – EF (or LS – ES) Float means "scheduling flexibility" in project management, also commonly known as "slack. The duration in which the given task is delayed before it affects the deadline for the project. Causes of negative total float. 4- Search for free float and total float and double-click on them to move them to the right where you can find all the columns which will show on your working area. In project management, float or slack is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to:: 183 . On critical path LS = ES and LF = EF hence total float is equal to zero. 34%+13. Total Float = Late Start date – Early Start date Or. Free Float = ES of successor activity – EF. ). Float and Free Float is one of the sources to make such adjustments. Project Management Institute. Finally, you might see the term “zero float time” used in project management. It’s important to have an overview of any. Free. It’s important to understand the. But a project manager should understand how the system has calculated the values. These articles cover the complex project management topics not explained well in the PMBOK ® Guide and other PMP Study guides. subsequent tasks ("free float")project completion date ("total float"). フロート ( 英: float)または スラック ( 英: slack)は、 プロジェクト管理 では、 プロジェクトネットワーク 内のタスクが遅延しても、次の遅延を及ぼさない余裕時間のこと。. Float is a measure of flexibility in the project schedule. + 2 σ. Slack is also known as Float in project management. Add your perspective Help others by sharing. Total Float = LS – ES or LF – EFCritical chain project management (CCPM) and the theory of constraints have received much recent attention, but the basic principles underlying them are available through appropriate use of critical path method. Total amount of time an activity can slip from its early start date without causing delay to project completion or violating schedule constraint is called Total Float. Total float . Answer: Refer to the network diagram. If a task’s total. Use the Detail Gantt view to find slack (float) Click View > Other Views > More Views. Why High Total Float Can Be Detrimental to Projects One of the critical aspects of project management: Total float. In preparing for the PMP certification check, it's major to understand the use, connect, or differences of free float with. for activities on a. Formulas within Project Management. Project: temporary + unique result + progressively elaborate (iterative). You use both of them while analyzing the project network diagrams and. Total Float of an activity = Late Start of an activity – Early Start of an activity. The drag of activity C is 5 days, the lesser of the parallel activity total float and the original duration of C. Free float B. when the INDF is a negative value, we set the value to zero. All activities on the critical path will have float (or slack) of value zero. 5. PMP formula for Late Finish (LS) if the convention that project starts on day one is adopted. The second method most frequently used is to filter critical activities by specifying a total float less than or equal to zero. You calculate the total float by subtracting the Early Start date of activity from its Late Start date. Project managers use various types of slack to create and maintain schedules. Stylish preparing for the PMP certification exam, it's important to understand the use, connection, and variations of free float for. The different Types of float are Free Float, Total Float, Project Float, Interfering Float,. As shown in Figure 5. Best and Worst case. We can identify two float types: free float and total float. It can be helpful to know these distribution populations from the PMBOK ® Guide: + 1 σ. University of Texas. Free float, also known as project float, is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start of the next activity. This can be opened by selecting Tools > Schedule > Schedule Options. Project Management Professional (PMP)®. Total float of activities on critical path is usually zero. The DMCA sets this parameter for testing high float values at 44 days. This is also why a set period impact to the schedule, such as 30-day delay in receiving direction. Total Float = LF – EF (or LS – ES)Float means "scheduling flexibility" in project management, also commonly known as "slack. Practice standard for work breakdown structures (2nd ed. pick two (pick any two): Pick two, sometimes expressed as pick any two, is the principle that in many sets of three desirable qualities, those qualities will be somewhat mutually exclusive. To. Both of these formulas produce the same result. Three Outputs result from the schedule network analysis. In fast-tracking, you review the critical path and list all vital activities. I learned most of the project management concepts while managing software projects – Critical Path Analysis was one such concept. This allows you to look for activities that have a total float that falls within the generally accepted total float value of 10 days or less for near critical activities. The former is called “free float”, and the latter is called “total float”. Total Float = LS – ES. Free Float. - Trong bài thi PMP, khi bạn được yêu cầu tính “ Float. Critical Path Analysis (CPA) is a project management technique that helps identify the critical tasks and the amount of time required to complete them. Activities without float are known as critical, and these activities. Project management The application of processes, methods, knowledge, skills and experience to achieve specific objectives for change. 3. The two main forms of float are free float and total float. Project Management frameworks can be a little dry at times, but. Float represents the amount of time a particular task can be delayed without jeopardizing or delaying the entire project. Free float and total float - PMP/CAPM from PMI. Sometimes reflected to as “slack,” float connects with project scheduling, schedule network diagrams, and aforementioned critical paths of a project. Earned Value Management (EVM) SV = EV – PV. Total float is the amount of time a task or a project can be delayed without impacting the overall project completion time. Click Options, then click the Advanced tab. Free float refers to the amount of time an activity can be postponed before it delays a successor. Critical Path Analysis (CPA) is a project management technique that helps identify the critical tasks and the amount of time required to complete them. To know your project’s critical path, look for the tasks with the same EF and LF. Float in project management does more than simply keep your business afloat. For activity B, the total float is 11 weeks; you could delay activity B by 11 weeks without delaying the project. Schedule Network DiagramThe graphical represen. Total float vs. Total float means how long we can delay an activity without taking off the completion date of the project. Assemble two-tier bridge. However, the total float option is advisable. This is the most accurate method, and is used when significant detail is known, but it is the most time-consuming and expensive form of. This can be calculated by using the formula: LF – EF = total float. Total float = LS - ES or LF - EF Free float: This refers to how long an activity can be delayed. Total Float. Accordingly, A, B, and C are critical activities while activity D is non-critical with Total Float (TF) of 3 days. In project management, float is a term that refers to the number of days that an activity can be delayed before affecting the next activity in the schedule or the project as a whole. Total Float = The Late Start date – The Early Start date. Tags: PMP Schedule Management. The following are the types of project management float: Total float. You are a PMP heading the Public Relations (PR) division of Scon, a publicly traded company. PMP Formulas #5: Cost Performance Index (CPI) One of the most common PMP formulas for control cost is Cost Performance Index CPI. As explained above, the project buffer is usually about 50% of the safety time that has not been. Total float is meant for activities not on the critical path. Example: Suppose you are building a house, and one of the tasks is landscaping. Step 6: Find the Critical Path. Total float is the amount of time a scheduled activity can be delayed without delaying the overall project completion date. One way is to calculate the float by using PMP formula. (Sometimes it seems that we try to make things. Walker and James E. In this article, we will be discussing total float vs free float. Total Float vs Free Float. In doing so, it. Total Float is the maximum amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the project whereas Free Float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without impacting the Early Start date of any of its immediate successors. com. On a critical path, the total float is zero. " — Kamal Shankar (India), Team LeadIn project management, float or slack is the amount of time that a task in a project network can be delayed without causing a delay to subsiquent task or Project completion date. This helps to ensure that tasks are completed on time and that the project is completed within the allotted. Resource smoothing does not affect a project’s critical path. Negative Total Float. They cannot finish late, or be moved, or the overall project. Negative float, also known as negative slack, is a common concept in project management that refers to the amount of time that must be saved to complete a project on time. Free float, on the other hand, is the amount of time a task can take before it impacts the next task of the project. Critical Path: The tasks which define the completion date of the project. Total Float is the amount of time the project can be delayed without delaying the project finish date. Total float refers to the amount of time an activity can be delayed without affecting the project's overall duration. Besides, there are two popular tools carrying the same names. Total float is the amount of time that a task can be delayed without delaying the overall project completion date. Total quality management.